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• Electrical Generation Technology
• Advantages of the Muller Motor / Generator
• The Muller Dynamo
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Click an article below ... use your BACK button to return to top of page • Electrical Generation Technology • Advantages of the Muller Motor / Generator • The Muller Dynamo
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Muller Power Inc. Electrical Generation Technology This short review of motor/generator technology is included to provide the non-specialist with sufficient background to appreciate the revolutionary advantages of the Muller Dynamo. Those who already understand these basics may skip to the next section to see just what the Muller Dynamo is and how it operates. GENERATORS Electrical generators provide the very basis of our industrial civilization. Without them, our current technology could not exist. Behind every electrical function, a generator, somewhere, is producing the vital electricity. An electric generator is a machine that converts any type of mechanical energy into electric energy. Windmills use the power of the wind to turn a generator, hydroelectric dams use the power of falling water to turn generators, and nuclear and coal power plants turn heat into steam pressure, which then turns the generator. The development of the electric generator began in 1831 when Michael Faraday in England and Joseph Henry in the United States proved that a magnet could be made to produce an electric current. This development was the beginning of modern electricity. In 1888, Nikola Tesla invented the alternating current generator. This equipment formed the system for the generation of electric power for Niagara Falls and is still in use throughout the world today. A generator can be constructed in any size and can be turned by any handy means to produce electricity. But regardless of size, generators in use today are all basically the same, until now. A conventional electric generator consists of two main parts, a rotor and a stator. The rotor is a disk or a cylinder, consisting of ceramic or alnico type permanent magnets or coils made from copper wire wound on laminated iron poles. The stator consists of coil windings or magnets or both. When the rotor is rotated, the magnets cause electrical current to flow in the windings, which is then used to power various devices. GENERATOR EFFICIENCIES Their efficiency is relatively low, typically less than 50%, although recently generators which employ the same type of magnets used in the Muller Dynamo have achieved efficiencies in the range of 70%. This means that 50% to 70% of the mechanical energy used to turn the rotor is converted into electrical energy which can be used by other devices. Please note that 30% to 50% of the energy is wasted by various "losses". HYSTERESIS LOSSES Generators have losses known as hysteresis losses. Hysteresis losses are caused by moving magnetic fields by the iron core of a coil. As the magnetic field moves through the molecules in the iron core, the electrons and molecules begin to move, to "chatter", colliding with each other, causing the iron to get hot, which in turn causes the entire motor to get hot, and the hotter it gets, the more the magnetism decreases in the core windings or in the magnets themselves. No one has figured out how to eliminate hysteresis losses because no one has figured out how to eliminate the iron cores and still have enough strength in the magnetic fields to have a useful motor or generator. The main method used is to use specially laminated steel alloys for the coil cores, which reduces electrical current flow in the core and thus reduces heat. This method is only partially effective and the laminated cores are very heavy and relatively expensive. Muller's amorphous polycrystalline core material virtually eliminates these losses completely. EDDY CURRENTS Eddy current losses are caused by moving magnetic fields caused by the flow of current in a conducting wire. As current flows through the wire when there is a load on the generator, or when current is input into the windings of a motor, the moving magnetic fields around the wires intersects with other wires and with the metals of the stator, rotor, nuts and bolts, etc., in which current is induced to flow. This stray current flow produces additional heat and a secondary magnetic field which interferes with the primary current flow, impeding the primary current flow, thus robbing the motor or generator of some of its power. The only way to reduce eddy currents is too eliminate as much metal as possible, or at least as much of the conducting metal in the motor or generator as possible. Given the heat which is produced in the iron cores of the windings, it is difficult to eliminate metal completely, because it is the only material which can take the heat and the mechanical wear and tear. The Muller Dynamo eliminates most of the metal by using Muller's amorphous polycrystalline ferrite material. Eddy currents are virtually eliminated. MAGNETIC DRAG There is another loss in generators, caused by the approach of the electromagnet coils to a magnet. When a magnet moves by a coil, the magnet causes the coil to become an electromagnet with the same polarity as the magnet. It is well known with magnets that like poles repel each other. Repulsion causes drag on the rotor. This "back emf" bucks the motion of the generator, making it more difficult to turn the rotor, which of course reduces the effective power output relative to the power input. Thus, all generators and motors consume some mechanical torque just to continue spinning. The Muller Dynamo virtually eliminates all magnetic drag. It eliminates magnetic drag to such perfection that a 450 hp generator can be spun with one hand. That is absolutely unheard of. Normally, several horsepower would be required to turn the rotor. The Laws Governing Electricity and Magnetism A clear conception of the theory underlying the design and the operating characteristics of electrical machinery depends, first, upon the fundamental physical facts concerning the properties of electricity and magnetism, and secondly, upon mastery of the formulated laws and definitions which embody these facts. One of these fundamental laws states that the force exerted by a magnet on pieces of iron which are not themselves magnets is always a force of attraction, that is to say, that the iron is attracted to the magnet. But Muller learned that this is not the case under certain circumstances. He has been demonstrating this "special case" for several years and has successfully employed the principal of using the trick of "a special case" in his Dynamo. When the magnet material is of very hard steel alloys and the attracting force of three steel balls in the vicinity are attracted to the magnet and then as impact occurs steel to steel, one or more of the steel balls will repel and one will remain attracted to the magnet. This proves that in this case steel will not only be attracted to the magnet mass but it will also repel its mass off the magnet with an equal and opposite reaction. The net result is mass moving without energy input. The only other necessary work would be to remove the steel ball from the pole to repeat the process so that no work would be required. This would challenge Newton's Laws and Einstein's Relativity! PERMANENT POTENTIAL ENERGY If we have enough difference between two potentials we can extract energy from nature. For example, hydro-electric power can be created, if there is a difference of at least 30 feet of elevation so that gravity can pull down the water and accelerate its speed so that it can turn the generators inside a dam. To the same effect we can attract energy from two potentials of a low temperature and a high temperature creating the differential as usable energy. This is the principle of heat pumps. In the past we could have no permanent potentials using so called 'PERMANENT MAGNETS' because these magnets were neither permanent nor powerful enough. The SUPER POWERFUL PERMANENT MAGNET (SPPM), made from rare earth elements, changes the situation dramatically. During the past 15 years, modern science has given us the means to use them to create machines which could only be dreamed about 100 or even 20 years ago. Because its permanence gives a permanent potential and because of its enormous power, we can create a very large differential. With this arrangement one could imagine all the energy that could be extracted from this enormous permanent differential. The question lies in how we can extract this energy. Because of the enormous holding power of the SPPM'S, it would be very hard to incorporate these magnets in a conventional MOTOR/GENERATOR configuration because of the static position of the coils and magnets. All the coils would went to lock-up and hang onto the magnets. ********* Both Faraday and Tesla envisioned the Homopolor Generator as well as other devices and gave us the guidelines for creating free energy. Faraday defined the guide lines for achieving perpetuality of motion. The WORK REQUIRED to move the magnetic fields about a system to create energy would have to be eliminated. Magnetic drag and pole lock-up would have to be eliminated. ********* In Faraday's day, magnets and material science was insufficient to even envision a strategy for how to accomplish the task. Hence, it has been until now considered an impossibility. But, with the availability of these remarkable new materials in SPPM's, we can finish the dream for these pioneers... SUPER POWERFUL PERMANENT MAGNETS In the past, there were no large permanent magnet applications. Until recently alnico or ceramic permanent magnets were the best magnets available. Alnico or ceramic type permanent magnets are about 1/10 as powerful and 8 times the size of today's super powerful rare earth permanent magnets. Magnet motors and magnet generators could be built out of the older materials, but they had to be bigger and of course much heavier. It was cheaper to use electromagnetic coils, which could generate much stronger magnetic fields. In 1982, the first rare earth cobalt based permanent magnet was introduced and four years later the introduction of the neodymium based rare earth permanent magnet. Rare earth permanent magnets can easily rearrange the field or depolarize a strong Alnico or ceramic magnet and can withstand higher operating temperatures. For example the tolerance to heat for the rare earth magnet is double that of a ceramic magnet. The new permanent magnets have a higher power output and are lighter in weight and smaller in size as compared to conventional ceramic or alnico type permanent magnets. Ceramic or alnico permanent magnets are easily demagnetized by strong magnetic fields or by over heating. Rare earth permanent magnets are not easily demagnetized and can withstand higher operating temperatures than the ceramic or alnico permanent magnets. WORK REQUIRED TO MOVE A MAGNETIC POLE: When a magnetic pole is moved, work must be done against any force acting on it if it is moved in the direction opposite to the force, and conversely, work will be done (or can be extracted) by the magnetic pole when it moves in the direction of the force. In other words, when the magnet falls to another magnet, as when it pulls a rotor around, useful work (energy we can use) is obtained. But trying to move the magnet off of the magnet requires equal work, and so we end up with nothing useful left over. However, if no work is done in moving a magnetic pole around a closed path in a magnetic field, such as a rotor inside of a stator, the net effect would be that work could be extracted by the movement around the complete path without any other change in the system, giving the possibility of a perpetual motion machine that is seemingly contrary to the laws of mechanics. When Odd and Even numbers of magnets and poles are used as in the Muller Dynamo, there is no work necessary to move one pole from another. The Muller Dynamo creates a "magnetic circuit" where there is no stable alignment of the poles, no matter how much they attract each other. In effect, all attraction is canceled by clever counter-balancing. Now we can add Muller's "special case". It is a question of timing. If in the same device, you can eliminate the repelling action as well, UNTIL THE RIGHT TIME, AS WHEN THE ROTOR POLE IS IN POSITION TO LEAVE THE POLE, so that there is no drag to the motive force, NO MOTIVE FORCE IS NECESSARY, EXCEPT ACTION TO START THE FLOW OF ENERGY AND BRING IT UP TO A DESIRED STATE OF ACTION, such as a certain speed for a certain load. Perpetual Motion is stored in the magnets. The Magnets ARE the motor. By cleverly counter-balancing their equal and opposite reactions to each other, in space and in time, partly by mechanics, partly by timing, partly by circuitry, and partly by material science, mechanical / electrical work can be extracted from them sufficient to show so-called over-unity production of net energy. That means, efficiency greater than 100%, an actual amplification of the available energy as opposed to a net consumption of the energy. The Muller concepts have been demonstrated to show such amplification of energy. Please refer to the attachments in the Appendix: |
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Appendix: Square D Canada, February 19, 1991: confirms a power output of 7.6% greater than the power input in the Muller RLC circuit Energy Conference Report, Jeane Manning 1990: confirms a power output of 12% greater than the power input at a demonstration conducted at Stanford University under the auspices of the Society for Scientific Exploration |
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Muller Power Inc. Advantages Of The Muller Motor/Generator The Muller Dynamo offers levels of performance unattainable with conventional generators through greater energy efficiency, improved operational flexibility, reduced size and weight, and lower life-cycle cost. To summarize, the Muller Motor/Generator offers the following advantages over conventional generators: SIMPLE, LOSSLESS CONSTRUCTION The Muller Motor/Generator utilizes rare earth type permanent magnets on the rotor. No coils are used on the rotor. NO BRUSHES Unlike conventional generators there are no brushes to wear out. Using permanent magnets on the rotor, there is no need to input energy to the rotor coils. Brushes that input the power to the rotor and heat losses of core material are totally eliminated. MUCH LESS COPPER Fewer windings in the coils. The super magnets create the current, not the wire windings, which eliminates some resistance losses. MUCH LIGHTER WEIGHT The overall size of the 10 hp prototype generator is approximately 100 cm X 100 cm with a width of approximately 18 cm and a weight of 70 kg. OPERATES COLD This makes possible a much greater electrical output, inch by inch, pound per pound. INEXPENSIVE TO MANUFACTURE By using Muller’s Patented Amorphous Polycrystalline Ferrite compound, expensive components made from metglass or specially laminated steels can be eliminated. The entire structure of the motor can be made of extruded components of plastic/ferrite. Footnotes |
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Muller Power Inc. The Muller Dynamo Technical Summary Over the past decade, advances in materials technology, particularly in the fields of metallurgy and solid state electronics, have given rise to a new generation of metals as well as switching and control capabilities. These metals and solid state materials permit new designs in electrical generating equipment which was unthinkable as little as ten years ago. The Muller Dynamo is a brushless generator composed of one moving part, the rotor. The rotor is mounted on a shaft which revolves around inside of the stator shell. Super-magnets are mounted around the periphery of the rotor. In the diagram, 16 rare earth supermagnets are used, one more rotor magnet than generator coils. Inside of the stator shell, several generator coils are mounted. The drawing shows ten coils in 5 pairs, each of which are wound around an amorphous core. (Any number of pairs can be used; 15 are used for the 450 hp Muller Dynamo). Amorphous metals (a patented compound) are used for the core material inside the coils. These cores exhibit practically zero hysteresis loss. The cores have no magnetic memory and cannot sustain any current flow even though they will polarize magnetically nearly as well as iron and other alloys used for cores. Consequently, they do not heat up. The generator contains an odd-number/even-number configuration of poles/magnets so that a magnetic balance occurs which eliminates the work required to move one pole from the other no matter how large or strong the magnetic surface would be. This concept allows the flywheel to turn easily and efficiently despite the inherent powerful holding force of the magnets. The rotor of the Muller R&D model contains 16 NdFeB permanent magnets which are set 22.5 degrees apart and the stator contains 15 field coils which are set approximately 24 degrees apart. The rotor is turned by a motor, such as a diesel engine or a windmill. As the rotor magnets revolve past the coils, the magnetic field induces a pulsating electrical current which can be used for any purpose. However, first the generated electricity must flow through a solid state switching circuit (which is not shown). The switching circuit turns the stator coils "on" and "off" at the appropriate times to "clip" and channel the current flow. This prevents the buildup of forces which "buck" (back emf) the generator and reduces its output. This switching circuit gives the Muller Dynamo virtually zero rotor drag and virtually all of the motive force is turned directly into usable electrical energy. Magneto-Electric Dynamo In a sense, Muller has taken up where Faraday and Tesla left off, but with the advantage of advanced materials and technology. Muller has taken Faraday's Magneto-Electric dynamo, and turned it into a real machine. Muller prefers the old-fashioned name, "Dynamo". During the early stage of electrification of industry, generators and motors were virtually identical in their physical construction. The general technical rule was that the best generator was also the best motor. In motors and generators, the action is reversible. A conductor carrying current will move if placed in a magnetic field. Or, if a magnetic field is placed into the proximity of a current carrying a conductor, the magnet will move. It is more correct to say that the two fields attract or repulse each other, causing relative motion. Introduce motion, current will be generated. Introduce current, motion will be generated. Hithertofore, one action or the other was possible. You either had a motor operating or you had a generator operating. You couldn't do both at the same time. In the Muller Dynamo, both actions are physically possible at the same time. By using a relatively large number of magnets and coils, along with sophisticated switches (solid state FETs controlled by a microprocessor), the coils can be selectively switched to function in either mode or they can be switched such that one half of the coils function as a generator and one half of the coils function as a motor. Operational Characteristics Of The Muller Dynamo As A Motor The Muller Dynamo Motor operates by a DC pulse gated through a pulse timing module. A DC power source impulses selected stator coils. This electrical input then momentarily becomes an expanding magnetic field for the duration of a specified pulse width. The power through the stator coils are carefully timed and phased to repel the magnet and create the motive force. The magnets can be sensed by a Hall Effect Sensor or by Optical Encoding or by a special sensing coil in order to turn on the pulse at the correct time for the proper impulse stator coil. The sensing signal turns on a power MOSFET (transistor) to allow the DC power to flow into the impulse stator coil to create the expanding magnetic field. The expanding magnetic field around the impulse stator coil repels the magnet which is adjacent to it and propels the rotor shaft around and around. The on-time of the pulse at higher speeds becomes very small, thus using less energy per impulse at the same time the generator coils are generating electricity. We are able to return this electricity back into the original power source. By the clever use of diodes we can direct the collapsing field back into the battery or back on the main power rail or back into another battery or a discharge capacitor. By hammering every second magnet, we have every other magnet serving as a generator and this energy being generated can be directed by the same diodes such that any Back EMF or Voltage Spike (Inductive Kick-back) is recaptured by any suitable storage medium. The output on the coils will vary as to the size and type of core, the number of turns of wire, the size of the wire and the frequency of the impulse. If the core was iron, this method could not be possible because the frequencies of the magnetic lines of force will rapidly move the molecular structure of the iron in such a way as to create enormous amounts of heat by induction. This is not desirable in a motor. The motor would melt down. This heat by induction creates a fast heat rise (at around 380 to 900 cycles per second one will experience the rapid heating of the iron up to 800 F in 3 minutes running time). This destroys all magnetism. This heat does not occur using amorphous metals in the core. Using Amorphous metals in the core we eliminate nearly all of the hysteresis which is normally found in iron. The amorphous metal used in the magnets of the Muller Dynamo provides magnetic energy densities up to 10 times higher than those of conventional materials, allowing more compact and efficient design. The Dynamo also incorporates a patented design configuration which allows for a very high degree of power output and low starting torque. Advantages Of The Muller Dynamo The Muller Dynamo offers levels of performance unattainable with conventional generators through greater energy efficiency, improved operational flexibility, reduced size and weight, and lower life-cycle cost. To summarize, the Muller Dynamo offers the following advantages over conventional generators: · SIMPLE, LOSSLESS CONSTRUCTION The Muller Dynamo utilizes rare earth type permanent magnets on the rotor. No coils are used on the rotor. · NO BRUSHES to wear out, unlike conventional generators. Using permanent magnets on the rotor, there is no need to input energy to the rotor coils. Brushes that input the power to the rotor and heat losses of core material are totally eliminated. · MUCH LESS COPPER windings in the coils The super magnets create the current, not the wire windings, which eliminates some resistance losses. · MUCH LIGHTER WEIGHT The overall size of the 10 hp prototype generator is approximately 100 cm X 100 cm with a width of approximately 18 cm and a weight of 70 kg. · OPERATES COLD This makes possible a much greater electrical output, inch by inch, pound per pound. · INEXPENSIVE TO MANUFACTURE By using Muller's Amorphous Polycrystalline Ferrite compound expensive components made from metglass or specially laminated steels can be eliminated. The entire structure of the motor can be made of extruded components of plastic/ferrite. Efficiency of the Muller Dynamo Compared to Direct-Current Machines Loss of energy in direct-current Generators and Motors is normally composed of the following items: 1. OHMIC LOSSES due to the heating effect of current flowing through the resistance of: a) the armature winding DYNAMO: there are no armature windings in the Muller Dynamo as SUPER POWERFUL PERMANENT MAGNETS (SPPM's) are used instead of windings. b) the field windings DYNAMO: the field coils are designed for very low inductances using amorphous metals in the cores; substantially smaller coils can be used to achieve the same power output, consequently the copper resistance values are much smaller. c) the brushes and brush contacts DYNAMO: there are no brushes used on the Muller Dynamo 2. CORE LOSSES due to: a) hysteresis in the armature core and teeth DYNAMO: no cores used in armature as SPPM's are used b) eddy currents in the armature core, teeth and pole faces DYNAMO: no cores are used in armature as SPPM's-are used 3. MECHANICAL LOSSES due to: a) bearing friction DYNAMO: the dynamo is much smaller and lighter in weight and therefore needs only smaller bearings which will wear much less; this loss could be eliminated completely with the use of Muller's patented cone-shaped magnetic bearings, which enables the shaft to ride on air. b) friction between moving parts and air, called "windage" DYNAMO: windage is minimal because of the aerodynamic shape of the rotor (essentially only a simple two sided flat plane; this factor is also much reduced because watt for watt, the dynamo is much smaller than typical DC machines c) brush friction DYNAMO: there are no brushes in the Muller Dynamo. 4. STRAY LOAD LOSSES caused by: a) eddy currents in the armature conductors DYNAMO: no losses using SPPM's b) the short-circuit currents in the coils undergoing commutation DYNAMO: digital sensing and switching allows for more control of current through coils c) pulsations of the flux set up by the currents in the commutated coils and by the variation of reluctance of the main magnetic circuit due to the presence of teeth and slots DYNAMO: no teeth and slots are present on the Muller Dynamo d) eddy currents in the end plates of the armature core, in non-insulated bolts through the laminated core, etc. DYNAMO: there are no end plates, laminations or non-insulated bolts on the Muller Dynamo e) distortion of flux in the armature core and teeth, produced by reaction to the metals in the armature DYNAMO: no armature core as the Muller Dynamo uses SPPM's |
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Friday July 04 2008 @ 06:04:24 pm US Central Since:7/1/2005 Uptime:1099 Days 3.01 Years Last Revision:07/05/2007 |
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